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Cleveland Ohio Cuyahoga County

Cleveland Ohio is the second largest city in Ohio and seat of Cuyahoga County, located where the Cuyahoga River enters Lake Erie. A major manufacturing and commercial center, it ranks as one of the chief ports on the Great Lakes, and the city has long functioned as a collecting point for highway and railroad traffic from the Midwest. In the 1990s Cleveland Ohio developed new cultural, sports, and entertainment attractions in the downtown area and increased its vitality.

The eastern part of the Cleveland Ohio metropolitan area lies on the Appalachian Plateau at an elevation of about 330 m (about 1100 ft), while the western part sits upon the Lake Plain and associated terraces at about 180 m (about 600 ft). The eastern area's higher elevation results in significantly greater snowfalls in winter. Annual precipitation, measured at Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport in the west, is about 940 mm (about 37 in) and falls evenly throughout the year. Temperatures in the city are moderated by its location on Lake Erie. The average high in January is 0° C (32° F) and the average low is -8° C (18° F); average high in July is 28° C (82° F) and the average low is 16° C (61° F).

Cleveland Ohio is named for Moses Cleaveland, who laid out the city as part of a survey in 1796. The spelling of the name was later shortened; one story holds that it was done by a newspaper editor in order to fit the name in the newspaper's masthead.

Cleveland Ohio and its Metropolitan Area (Cuyahoga County)

Most of the northern and downtown sections of Cleveland Ohio lie on terraces between 18 and 24 m (60 and 80 ft) above Lake Erie. These terraces are divided by the valley of the Cuyahoga River, which flows northward through Cleveland Ohio. The valley, called the Flats, was once the city's main industrial section but has since been converted into an entertainment district, with numerous restaurants and nightclubs in renovated warehouses on both banks of the river. High bridges across the Flats link the commercial and residential areas to its east and west.

The heart of the Cleveland Ohio central business district is Public Square, on a lake terrace east of the Flats. The square contains a large monument to participants in the American Civil War (1861-1865) and statues of city founder Moses Cleaveland and of one of America's greatest reform mayors, Tom L. Johnson, who served from 1901 to 1909. Public Square is the focal point of several main thoroughfares and is dominated by the 52-story Terminal Tower (1929), which for several decades was the tallest building in the United States west of New York. Terminal Tower's lower concourse, originally the station for the New York Central Railroad, was renovated in 1990 into an open three-level development of retail stores and restaurants known as Tower City. Other important retail complexes in the downtown are The Galleria, a collection of stores in a mall-like, ultra-modern building; and the Arcade, a magnificently restored late 19th century three-story shopping and office arcade listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Euclid Avenue, which runs eastward from Public Square, formerly was the main retail concentration, but its shopping influence is today greatly reduced. Eastward along Euclid Avenue is the University Circle area, a neighborhood of educational, medical, and cultural facilities.

In 1895 the Cleveland Architectural Club challenged its members to produce a "grouping of Cleveland's Public Buildings." Out of this idea emerged the Group Plan, patterned on the "city beautiful" concept expressed in the redevelopment of the Chicago waterfront for the Chicago World's Fair. Both Daniel H. Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted, architects of the Chicago plan, played key roles in developing a mall in downtown Cleveland Ohio where an impressive concentration of public buildings was erected in the first third of the 20th century. Structures include the Federal Building, the County Court House, the Cleveland Public Library, City Hall, the Cleveland Board of Education Building, Cleveland Municipal Stadium, and Public Hall (a combination auditorium, convention center, and exposition hall).

The land area of the city of Cleveland Ohio is 199.4 sq km (77.0 sq mi). But this represents only a small fraction of the city's metropolitan region, which spreads over Cuyahoga, Lorain, Lake, Medina, Ashtabula, and Geauga counties, with a land area of 7012.4 sq km (2707.5 sq mi). The Cleveland Ohio metropolitan area includes the communities of Parma, Lorain, Lakewood, Elyria, Euclid, Cleveland Heights, Mentor, East Cleveland, Strongsville, Garfield Heights, Shaker Heights, and many smaller communities.

Cleveland Ohio Population (Cuyahoga County)

According to the national census, the population of Cleveland Ohio was 505,616 in 1990, a decline of 11.9 percent from the 1980 population of 573,822. The decrease continued into the 1990s, with the population declining to an estimated 492,901 in 1994. The decrease is attributed to a continuing flight to the suburbs, begun before 1970 and fueled by racial polarization and public school problems.

In 1990 whites were 49.6 percent of the population, blacks 46.5 percent, Asians and Pacific Islanders 1.0 percent, and Native Americans 0.3 percent. The remainder are of mixed heritage or did not report ethnicity. Hispanics, who may be of any race, are 4.4 percent of the people. The city of Cleveland Ohio has long been stereotyped as a community of two halves: a black eastern half and a white western half. Although a gross over-simplification, this perception has been widely accepted and has governed many community attitudes and actions. In reality, the city of Cleveland Ohio and much of the larger metropolitan area consists of distinct ethnic neighborhoods or communities. In large part this is a heritage of the employment opportunities available to blacks from the southern United States, whites from the Appalachian hill country, and immigrants from eastern and southern Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The population of the metropolitan area in 1980 was 2,278,000, but by 1990 it totaled 2,202,000, or a decrease of 3.3 percent. The trend reversed in the 1990s, with the population growing to an estimated 2,225,000 in 1995. Accurately characterizing the population of the metropolitan area is difficult because the fastest growing regions in 1990 actually were outside the officially designated area. For example, northern Summit County, while in Cleveland Ohio's economic and cultural orbit, is counted as part of the Akron metropolitan area.

Cleveland Ohio Education and Culture (Cuyahoga County)

Cleveland Ohio's principal universities include Case Western Reserve University (1826), an internationally known school, especially for engineering; Cleveland State University (1964), particularly known for its urban-oriented curriculum; and David N. Myers College (1848). The Cleveland Institute of Art was founded in 1882, and the Institute of Music in 1920. John Carroll University (1886) is in suburban University Heights and Baldwin-Wallace College (1845) is in Berea. Cleveland Ohio is famous for medical research and treatment, led by the Cleveland Clinic and its outstanding heart surgery program. The University Hospitals, affiliated with Case Western Reserve University, also enjoys an international reputation for high quality medical services.

Most of Cleveland Ohio's cultural, educational, and medical institutions are located in the University Circle area, 6 km (4 mi) east of downtown. Leading cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art, with one of America's best collections of Asian art; the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, with fossils of dinosaurs and human ancestors; and the Western Reserve Historical Society Museum, containing exhibits on the Western Reserve from the late 18th to early 20th centuries, and the adjacent Crawford Auto and Aviation Museum, including an exhibit on automobiles built in Cleveland Ohio. Of particular interest to families are the Cleveland Health Education Museum and the Cleveland Children's Museum. Also located in University Circle is Severance Hall, the home of the world-acclaimed Cleveland Orchestra. Nearby is the Cleveland Play House, with three large, restored theaters and one of the largest non-profit professional theaters in the country. Downtown is Playhouse Square Center, with four recently restored theaters, home to the Cleveland Ballet, Cleveland Opera, and the Great Lakes Theater Festival. On the waterfront is the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, opened in 1995 and exploring the rich history of rock music. Next door is the Great Lakes Science Center, an interactive science museum. A popular cultural event in the city each spring is the Cleveland International Film Festival.

Cleveland Ohio Recreation (Cuyahoga County)

Cleveland Ohio possesses an outstanding collection of parks, including Edgewater Beach State Park and Gordon Park along the Lake Erie shore, and Rockefeller Park and the Rocky River Reservation extending inland along ravines leading back from the lake. The city is nearly encircled by woodland parks, with interconnected trails, nature centers, and picnic grounds. To the south, the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreational Area, administered by the National Park Service, is one of the most visited national park units in the country. Professional sports teams in the city are the Cleveland Indians (baseball) and Cleveland Cavaliers (basketball). In 1996 the owner of the city's professional football team, the Browns, moved the team to Maryland, where it played as the Baltimore Ravens. The National Football League reserved the Browns name for a future Cleveland Ohio franchise. The Indians play in a new stadium (Jacobs Field) in downtown Cleveland Ohio, as do the Cavaliers in nearby Gund Arena. The site of the 80,000-seat Municipal Stadium on the Cleveland Ohio waterfront is to be the location of a new football stadium. The Cleveland Grand Prix automobile race is held in early summer at Burke Lakefront Airport, which is also the site of the Cleveland National Air Show on Labor Day Weekend.

Cleveland Ohio Economy (Cuyahoga County)

Manufacturing provided the historic supports to Cleveland Ohio's economy. But heavy industry in the city was hard hit in the later part of the 20th century, with aging plants unable to compete with cheaper goods from overseas. Manufacturing employment declined by about one-third from the 1970s; today it accounts for only about one-fifth of the labor force. Nevertheless, manufacturing remains important and will likely stay a central part of the economy because the city is within a short transportation distance of many of the country's people. Since the 1970s the economy has also diversified, adding business services, high technology, and tourism to its traditional base. This helps the city weather downturns in any one industry.

Cleveland Ohio is the home of many large manufacturers-among them are B.P. America (petroleum products), TRW (transportation components), the Eaton Corporation (vehicle power train components, electrical equipment, and controls), LTV Corporation (steel products), Sherwin Williams (paints and varnishes), Parker Hannifen (motion control components), Rockwell International (electronics), Figgie International (fire protection and construction equipment), and American Greetings Company (greeting cards). Hundreds of smaller manufacturing plants, led by the makers of machinery and machine tools, transportation equipment, electrical equipment, fabricated metal products, and plastics and polymers, are located throughout the Cleveland Ohio metropolitan area. Research and development in Cleveland Ohio includes biomedical engineering drawing on university and hospital research programs, and polymer research based on years of experience in plastics and rubber manufacture. The Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is situated near Cleveland Ohio's airport.

Cleveland Ohio is a distribution center and a market for raw materials. Large quantities of iron ore, limestone, sand and gravel, iron and steel products, petroleum products, and cement pass through Cleveland Ohio's port annually. Diversified international trade is steadily becoming more important, in part a consequence of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, which opened the city to oceangoing ships. Leading exports are chemicals, industrial machinery, and electronic equipment.

Cleveland Ohio is a principal transportation center of Ohio. It has major railroad and airline facilities, as well as shipping lines, trucking companies, and bus lines. The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority serves the entire metropolitan area with bus and rapid transit service. Commercial air transportation is through Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport, an airline hub. Interstates 80 and 90, combined as the Ohio Turnpike, fork at the western reaches of Cleveland Ohio, with Interstate 90 passing through the heart of the city along the lakeshore and Interstate 80 collecting traffic through the southern suburbs. Cleveland Ohio is the northern terminus of Interstate 71, from the southwest, and Interstate 77, from the south.

Cleveland Ohio Government (Cuyahoga County)

Cleveland Ohio's government consists of a mayor and a 21-member city council. All are elected to four year terms, with voters electing the mayor city-wide and council members by ward. The Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority was the first such government agency in the United States and a model adopted by other urban areas.

Cleveland Ohio has had a long but intermittent tradition of reform government, beginning with Tom L. Johnson, who was elected in 1901. Noteworthy among Johnson's reforms were the introduction of public transportation and the establishment of a publicly owned power plant, which still operates today. Another Cleveland Ohio resident, Florence E. Allen, became the first woman to serve on a state supreme court. She was subsequently appointed a federal judge. A colorful chapter in reform was inaugurated in the late 1920s when Eliot Ness became commissioner of public safety; Ness is best remembered today for fictionalized accounts of his battle against organized crime. In 1967 Carl Stokes (the great-grandson of a slave) defeated Seth Taft (the great-grandson of a U.S. president) to become the first black mayor of a major American city.

Cleveland Ohio History (Cuyahoga County)

Northeastern Ohio was once part of the Western Reserve, a tract of land that Connecticut claimed under its colonial charter. In 1795 Connecticut sold most of the territory to the Connecticut Land Company, which sent out a surveying party headed by Moses Cleaveland. In 1796 Cleaveland laid out a public square with radiating streets on the site of the present-day city, east of the Cuyahoga River. The settlement was named for him and was incorporated as a village in 1814.

Completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal in 1832 transformed Cleveland Ohio from a frontier community to a commercial center at the head of an important waterway connecting the Ohio River and Lake Erie. With the completion a few years earlier of the Erie Canal, connecting the lake to the Eastern seaboard, Cleveland Ohio stood on the principal transportation route between the Midwest and the country's urban centers. Population more than tripled by 1836, when Cleveland Ohio was incorporated as a city. The first railroad arrived in 1851. Ohio City, a community on the west bank of the river, was annexed by Cleveland Ohio in 1854.

The American Civil War (1861-1865) created a demand for Cleveland Ohio's iron and steel products and stimulated the city's growth. This industry, in turn, formed the basis for other heavy industries. By 1900, for example, six major automobile manufacturers were operating in Cleveland Ohio. The city's industries created vast fortunes for industrialists, notably John D. Rockefeller, founder of the Standard Oil Company. Rockefeller and Marcus Hanna, a steel and shipping king and political boss, were classmates at Central High School. Another pair of classmates, at Glendale High School in the early 1930s, developed the comic book character Superman.

A strong tradition of citizen participation exists in Cleveland Ohio. The first modern Community Chest was founded in Cleveland Ohio in 1913, developing a way of dispersing funds that became a model for the United Way. The Citizens League of Greater Cleveland has acted as a civic spur to improve government for more than a century. The City Club is recognized as the oldest forum for political and community dialogue in the country. The Cleveland Foundation was the first community-funded civic foundation in the United States.

Beginning about 1960 Cleveland Ohio entered a long period of decline. Aging industrial plants, high labor costs, outmoded municipal facilities, the migration of population, and increasing racial tensions all contributed to political strife and a deteriorating economy. In 1978 the decline culminated in Cleveland Ohio becoming the first municipality to default on its debts since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Cleveland Ohio was earning an unenviable title of "The Mistake by the Lake." By the 1980s a renaissance began. Civic pride was restored by solid examples of confidence in the community, such as the redevelopment of the Lake Erie shoreline and the building of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, combined with intangibles such as the inauguration of the Cleveland Grand Prix and a league championship season for the Indians baseball team. Challenges such as improving public schools remain, but Cleveland Ohio has replaced its old nickname with "The New American City."

• 1796 Moses CLEAVELAND and survey party arrive 22 July.
• 1797 First wedding held in settlement of Cleveland Ohio (as the village was known until 1831). First white baby born to Tabitha STILES. Lorenzo CARTER, prominent early settler, arrives.
• 1798 Nathaniel DOAN settles what will become "Doans Corners."
• 1800 Cleveland Ohio Population - 7. David and Gilman BRYANT open the community's first distillery. Trumbull County created, with Cleveland Ohio located in that county.
• 1801 A grand ball is held 4 July.
• 1802 First census of Cleveland Township shows 76 free male inhabitants over the age of 21.
• 1803 Ohio admitted to the Union. Mail service extended to Cleveland.
• 1805 The community's first postmaster, Elisha NORTON, appointed. Indian claims are cleared to the lands west of the Cuyahoga River. Geauga County created, with Cleveland located in that county.
• 1806 Moses CLEAVELAND dies in Connecticut.
• 1807 First Presbyterian Church in what is now East Cleveland is founded; it is the second church in the entire Western Reserve.
• 1808 Lorenzo CARTER builds the Zephyr, first ship to be launched in Cleveland Ohio. Samuel HUNTINGTON elected governor of Ohio.
• 1809 George PEAKE arrives in what is now Lakewood/Rocky River, the area's first African American Settlement. Euclid Township created.
• 1810 Cleveland Population - 57 (approximate). Cuyahoga County organized; Cleveland Ohio selected as the county seat. David LONG, the community's first doctor, arrives.
• 1812 John O'MIC, a native American implicated in a murder, is first person to be executed in Cleveland Ohio.
• 1813 Oliver Hazard PERRY wins the battle of Lake Erie at Put-In-Bay. Cleveland Ohio's first courthouse completed.
• 1814 Cleveland receives it's charter as a villate 23 December. Lorenzo CARTER dies. Newburgh Township created.
• 1815 Alfred KELLEY elected first president of the villate of Cleveland Ohio. Euclid Avenue laid out.
• 1816 Commercial Bank at Lake Erie opens in Cleveland Ohio. Trinity Episcopal Parish organized. First divorce in the community granted.
• 1818 Walk-in-the-Water, first steamship on Lake Erie, serves Cleveland Ohio. First newspaper, the Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Register, published 31 July. Royalton Township created.
• 1819 The Cleveland Herald and Gazette publishes its first issue 19 October.
• 1820 Cleveland Ohio Population - 606. CUYAHOGA COUNTY Population - 6,328. First Presbyterian Church (Old Stone) organiozed. The first theatrical performance held 23 May.
• 1822 North Union Shaker colony established in what is now Shaker Heights. A free bridge is opened across the Cuyahoga River.
• 1825 Construction of Ohio and Erie Canal begins. Federal funds received for river improvement.
• 1826 St Mary's, the community's first Catholic church, is organized. Land is purchased for Erie Street Cemetery.
• 1827 Ohio and Erie Canal opens between Akron and Cleveland Ohio 4 July. Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Co. organized.
• 1828 Cleveland Ohio's second courthouse opened.
• 1829 First public marker opens on Ontario Street. First lighthouse begins operation.
• 1830 Cleveland Ohio Population - 1,075. CUYAHOGA COUNTY Population0 10,373. First temperance society, Cuyahoga County Temperance Society, organized. Western Seaman's Friend Society, an ancestor of today's Center for Human Services, organized. St John's African Methodist Episcopal Church organized.
• 1831 The Cleveland Advertiser "Officially" changes the spelling of the community's name to Cleveland. James A GARFIELD born in Orange Township.
• 1832 Ohio and Erie Canal completed to the Ohio River.
• 1833 First Baptist Society, organized.
• 1835 Benjamin STRICKLAND, the community's first dentist, arrives.
• 1836 Cleveland Ohio and City of Ohio (Ohio City) incorporated as official cities. John WILLEY elected first mayor of Cleveland Ohio. Josiah BARBER elected first mayor of Ohio City. "Bridge War" between Cleveland and Ohio City takes place.
• 1837 Cleveland Female Orphan Asylum opens. Cleveland Grays organized. Bedford Village incorporated. Cuyahoga County Anti-Slavery Society organized.
• 1838 St John's Episcopal Church completed in Ohio City.
• 1839 First group of Jewish settlers comes to Cleveland Ohio under the leadership of Moses ALSBACHER.
• 1840 Cleveland Ohio Population - 6,701 (45th largest city in nation). Ohio City Population - 1,577. CUYAHOGA COUNTY population 26,506. Globe Theater opens.
• 1842 Plain Dealer begins publication 7 January.
• 1843 Cleveland Medical College established.
• 1844 Steamship Empire built in Cleveland Ohio. Village of Chagrin Falls incorporated.
• 1845 City Bank of Cleveland (forerunner of National City Corp.) founded.
• 1846 Anshe Chesed Congregation (today's Fairmount Temple) erects city's first synagogue. Germania, the community's first German language newspaper, published. Central High School established 13 July.
• 1847 Catholic Diocese created in Cleveland Ohio 23 April. The city's most notable hotel, the Weddell House, opens 25 June. First telegraph line from Cleveland Ohio to Pittsburgh, completed.
• 1848 Cornerstone for St. John Cathedral ladid 22 October. Board of Trade, forerunner of the Growth Association, established. Cleveland Library Association chartered.
• 1849 Society for Savings (forerunner of Society Corp.) founded. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad runs first train in the city. First street light installed. National Meeting of the Free Soil party held in Cleveland Ohio 13 July.
• 1850 Cleveland Ohio population - 17,034. Ohio City population - 6,375. CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 48,099. Organized harness racing begins. Cleveland Ladies Temperance Union founded. Berea incorporated as a village. Cleveland Iron Mining Co., established.
• 1851 In Zion Lutheran Church, first Christmas tree displayed. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad completed.
• 1852 Louis KOSSUTH visits Cleveland Ohio.
• 1853 First African American Newspaper The Aliened-American, published 9 April. The Cleveland Theater opens. Federal District Court of the Northern District of Ohio established.
• 1854 Cleveland and Ohio City merger 5 June. First formal opera, Lucia di Lammermoor, performed 25 July. Cleveland Leader begins publication 16 March. Cuyahoga County People's (Republican) Party formed in September.
• 1855 Sault Canal opens. Baldwin University founded in Berea.
• 1856 Water system begins operation.
• 1857 Ominbus service begins in the city. Village of Olmstead Falls incorporated. Public Square enclosed by fences.
• 1858 First sewer constructed. Cleveland (Bank) Clearinghouse established.
• 1859 Oberlin-Wellington Rescuers' trial held in Cleveland Ohio.
• 1860 Cleveland Ohio population - 43,416. CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 178,033. Horsecar service inaugurated. Perry Monument on Public Square dedicated 10 September. Typographics Workers Union, Local 53, (Cleveland's oldest existing trade union in 1996) receives its charter.
• 1861 Bagby Fugitive Slave case heard in Cleveland Federal Court. Abraham LINCOLN visits Cleveland Ohio 15 February.
• 1863 German Wallace College established in Berea. First home delivery of mail takes place in Cleveland Ohio 1 July. Cleveland Ohio Republican John BROUGH elected governor of Ohio.
• 1865 Lincoln's body lies in state on Public Square. Charity Hospital opens. Forest City amateur baseball club established.
• 1866 Union Depot opens on lakefront. Cleveland Ohio Police Department established.
• 1867 Western Reserve Historical Society formed. First history of Cleveland Ohio published, that of Charles WHITTLESEY. Case Hall opens.
• 1868 First "blow" of Bessemer Steel made at the Cleveland Rolling Mills 6 September. Jewish Orphan Asylum (predecessor of Bellefaire) opens.
• 1869 First professional baseball game played by the Forest City team. Cleveland Public Library established. Lake View Cemetery opens.
• 1870 Cleveland Ohio population - 92,829 (15th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 132,010. Standard Oil Co., created 10 January. Sherwin-Williams Co. created 3 February. Northern Ohio Fair Association established.
• 1871 Board of Park Commissioners created. Cleveland Sunday Times, first successful Sunday paper, published 15 October.
• 1872 Horse epidemic, the Epizootic, takes place. Union Club formed.
• 1873 Cleveland Bar Association established. Newburgh annexed to Cleveland Ohio. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers moves its national offices to Cleveland Ohio. John P GREEN installed as Justice of the Peace, first African-American to hold elective office in Cleveland Ohio.
• 1874 Woman's Christian Temerpance League established.
• 1875 Euclid Avenue Opera House opens. The Greenback Party holds its organizing convention in Cleveland Ohio.
• 1876 Archibald WILLARD exhibits the "Spirit of 76."
• 1877 General railroad strikes take place. Trooop A (First Cleveland Calvary), formed to protect the city against strikers. Cleveland Ohio branch of Socialist Labor Party organized.
• 1878 Superior Street Viaduct opens 28 December. Penny Press, predecessor to the Cleveland Press, begins publication 2 November. Women's and Children's Dispensary opens.
• 1879 Brush arc light installed on Public Square 29 April. Early Settlers Association formed 19 November. Cleveland Ohio's professional baseball team joins the National League.
• 1880 Cleveland Ohio population - 160,146 (12th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 196,943. Cleveland Telephone Co. begins service. Case School of Applied Sciences established Civil Engineers Club (later the Cleveland Engineering Society) formed. The west breakwall completed.
• 1881 James GARFIELD lies in state on Public Square after being assassinated. Cleveland Ohio stockyards open. Hungarian Benevolent and Social Union (HBSU) formed.
• 1882 Western Reserve College moves to Cleveland Ohio. Cleveland School of Art established, 13 November. First Cleveland Rolling Mill strike takes place.
• 1884 First electric streetcar run in the city, 26 July. Cleveland Electric Light Co. formed.
• 1885 Second Cleveland Rolling Mill strike takes place. Hollenden Hotel opens 7 June. Mary P SPARGO becomes first female lawyer in Cleveland Ohio.
• 1886 St. Ignatius College opens 6 September. Board of Elections organized. Altenheim opens. Cleveland Athletic Club formed 6 February.
• 1887 American Institute of Architects, Cleveland Ohio Chapter, formed. Cleveland Press Club established.
• 1888 Central Viaduct opens. State of Moses CLEAVELAND dedicated on Public Square.
• 1889 First edition of Hebrew Observer published 5 July. Cleveland World begins publication 29 August. South Brooklyn (Brooklyn) Village incorporated.
• 1890 Cleveland Ohio population - 261,353 (10th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 309-970. Society for Savings Building opens 23 June. The Arcade opens. Garfield Monument dedicated in Lake View Cemetery. First cable cars in Cleveland Ohio. Beeman's Pepsin Gum introduced.
• 1891 National League Park (League Park) opens 1 May. Hungarian language newspaper, Szabadsag, published. Halles Department Store opens. Cleveland Ohio adopts the Federal Plan of municipal goverment. The Cleveland Citation "American's oldest labor paper", begins publishing 31 January. Winton Bicycle Co. established.
• 1892 Central breakwall completed. Rowfant Club established. Tavern Club established.
• 1893 Cleveland and Buffalo line starts lake steamer service. Grays Armory opens.
• 1894 Soldiers and Sailors Monument dedicated. Polish Roman Catholic Union of the Sacred Heart of the Blessed Virgin (predecessor to Union of Poles) established.
• 1895 Alta House Kindergarten opens. Euclid Beach opens. First interurban, Akron, Bedford, and Cleveland, begins service. Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons founded. East Cleveland incorporated as a village. Cleveland Spiders win Temple-Cup in baseball.
• 1896 Cleveland Ohio celebrates its centennial. Hiram House established.
• 1897 Winton Motor Carriage Co. started. Behemian National Hall opens.
• 1898 University Club opens 8 June.
• 1899 Streetcar strike.
• 1900 Cleveland Ohio population - 381,768 (7th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population 439,120. Cleveland Automobile Club established. First White steam car produced.
• 1901 The Cleveland Blues (predecessor to the Cleveland Indians) are established as one of the first teams in the new American League. Tom JOHNSON elected mayor of Cleveland Ohio. Cleveland Ohio resident Leon CZOLGOSZ assassinates President William McKinley.
• 1902 First local Parent Teachers Association established. Village of Linndale incorporated. Date of muncipal and county elections changed from first Tuesday in April to first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
• 1903 Group Plan unveiled. HANNA-McCORMICK wedding takes place in Cleveland Ohio, President Theodore Roosevelt attends. The village of Bay Village achieves village status. Bratenahl Village incorporated. Brooklyn Heights Village incorporated. Cleveland Heights Village incorporated. Euclid Village incorporated. Lakewood Village incorporated. Rocky River Village incorporated.
• 1904 Marcus A HANNA dies. First Italian language newspaper, L'Italiano, established. First official "nest" (No 23) of the Sokol Polski formed in Cleveland Ohio. Workmens Circle organization established. A M McGREGOR Home established. Newburgh Heights incorporated as a village. Cleveland Ohio's first building code written.
• 1905 First issue of the Cleveland News published June 12. Glenville City annexed to Cleveland Ohio. South Brooklyn annexed to Cleveland Ohio.
• 1906 George CRILE performs first successful human blood transfusion. Cleveland Ohio street names and house numbers changed and standarized 1 December.
• 1907 Trinity Cathedral consecrated 24 December. Hippodrome Theater opens. Cleveland Ohio Zoo begins move from Wade Park to Brookside Park (completed in 1914).
• 1908 Collinwood School fire. Village of North Olmstead incorporated. North Randall Village incorporated. Idlewood Village (University Heights) incorporated.
• 1909 Workers Gymnastic Union (A Czech organization) formed. Tom L JOHNSON loses mayoral race to Hermann BAEHR. Corlett Village annexed to Cleveland Ohio.
• 1910 Cleveland Ohio population - 560,663 (6th largeset city in a nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 637,425. Cleveland Ohio annexes Collinwood. Taylor Grant for the operation of Cleveland Ohio's street railways goes into effect. Village of Fairview (Fairview Park) incorporated. Thomas W FLEMING becomes the first African-American member of City Council. Federal Building opens on Public Square as first Group Plan structure.
• 1911 Cleveland Music School Settlement opens. Tom L JOHNSON dies, 11 April. Phillis WHEATLEY Association founded. East Cleveland becomes a city. Lakewood achieves city status. Shaker Heights Village incorporated. Dover Village (Westlake) incorporated.
• 1912 Cleveland City Club formed. Junior League established. Village of Nottingham annexed to Cleveland Ohio.
• 1913 Home Rule City Charter approved by Cleveland Ohio voters.
• 1914 Cleveland Ohio Foundation established. Cleveland Ohio chosen as the Fourth District headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank. Brook Park Village incorporated. Independence Village incorporated. Cleveland Ohio Municipal Light Plant goes into operation.
• 1915 Russell and Rowena JELLIFFE found the "Playhouse Settlement," forerunner of today's Karamu House. Beachwood Village incorporated. Maple Heights Village incorporated.
• 1916 First production by the Cleveland Play House. Cleveland Museum of Art opens. Women's City Club established. Cleveland Ohio's City Hall dedicated.
• 1917 Detroit-Superior (Veterans-Memorial) High Level Bridge opens. Cleveland Ohio Metroparks organized. Euclidville (Lyndhurst) incorporated as a village. Claribel (Richmond Heights) incorporated as a village. Solon Village incorporated. South Euclid Village incorporated. Negro Welfare Association (forerunner of the Urban League) founded in Decemeber.
• 1918 First concert of the Cleveland Orchestra held 11 December. Federal Court trial of Eugene DEBS in Cleveland Ohio. Cuyahoga Heights incorporated as a village.
• 1919 May Day Riots in Cleveland Ohio. Voters approve placement of a new railroad terminal on Public Square. Community Fund campaign inaugerated. Women's Advertising Club founded. Valley View Village created.
• 1920 Cleveland Ohio population - 796,841 (5th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 943,495. Cleveland Indians win the World Series. The Cleveland Call, forerunner of the Call and Post, established. Cleveland Museums of Natural History established. League of Women Voters founded 26 April. Gates Mills Village incorporated. Highland Heights Village incorporated.
• 1921 Mayfield Village incorporated. State, Ohio, Allen, and Hanna theaters open. Cleveland Clinic established. Cleveland Heights becomes a city.
• 1922 WKH begins radio broadcasting in Cleveland Ohio. Public Auditorium dedicated 15 April. Palace Theater opens 6 November. Brecksville Village incorporated. Cleveland Ohio's first sewage treatment plant built.
• 1923 Federal Reserve Bank building completed. WTAM (forerunner of WWWE) established.
• 1924 City Manager System of goverment goes into effect. Republican National Convention held in Cleveland Ohio; nominates Calvin COOLIDGE as its presidental candidate. Union Trust (Huntington Building) opens. Metropolitan Opera of New York begins its annual series of visits to Cleveland Ohio. Hunting Valley incorporated as a village. Parma incorporated as a village. Pepper Pike incorporated as a village.
• 1925 New Public Library building opens. Cleveland Ohio airport (now Hopkins International) opens. University Hospitals incorporated. First buses used in Cleveland Ohio.
• 1926 Allen Memorial Medical Library opens. Broadview Heights Village incorporated. Riveredge Township created. Constitutionality of local zoning laws upheld in the case of Village of Euclid vs Ambler Realty.
• 1927 Ohio Bell Telephone Building opens on Huron Road. Drury Theater opens. North Royalton Village incorporated. Seven Hills Village incorporated. Strongsville Village incorporated. Warrensville Heights Village incorporated.
• 1928 Brush Foundation established. Maternal Health Association (now Planned Parenthood) of Cleveland Ohio established. Village of Orange incorpoarted.
• 1929 Cleveland Clinic disaster occurs (15 May). National Air Races first held in Cleveland Ohio. Bentleyville Village incorporated. Moreland Hills Village incorporated.
• 1930 Cleveland Ohio population - 900,429 (5th largest city in a nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population - 1,201,455. Cleveland Union Terminal dedicated. WGAR starts broadcasting 15 December. Bedford incorporated as a city. Berea incorporated as a city. Euclid achieves city status. Garfield Heights achieves city status. Rocky River achieves city status.
• 1931 Cleveland Muncipal Stadium opens with the Schmeling-Stribling fight. Severance Hall dedicated. Samuel MATHER dies. Parma achieves city status. Shaker Heights achieves city status.
• 1932 Real Property Inventgory of Metropolitan Cleveland Ohio begun by Howard Whipple GREEN. Maple Heights achieves city status. City Manager plan replaced by Mayor/Council form of goverment. Cosmopolitan Democratic League of Cuyahoga County formed in November.
• 1933 Depression-era unemployment peaks in Cleveland Ohio; nearly one-third of the city's workers jobless.Cleveland (now Cuyahoga) Metropolitan Housing Authority established.
• 1935 Shostakowich opera Lady Macbeth of Mzensk receives its American premiere at Severance Hall. Eliot NESS becomes Safety Director of Cleveland Ohio. Women's Federal Savings and Loan established. Future Outlook League established by John HOLLY. Cleveland Torso Murder mystery begins.
• 1936 Jesse OWENS wins four gold medals at Berlin Olympic Games. Cleveland Barons hockey team established. Great Lakes Esposition opens. Republican National Convention nominates Alf Landon as its presidential candidate in Cleveland Ohio. Floursecent lighting introduced at NELA Park. UAW Local 45 organized at General Motor's Fisher Body Plant.
• 1937 Cleveland Arena opens. Cleveland Rams begin to play professional football. John D Rockefeller dies. Public housing projects open at Outhwaite; Cedar Central, and Lakeview Terrace.
• 1938 Last interurban train (Lakeshore Electric) runs from Cleveland Ohio. Shoreway opens between East 9th Street and Gordon Park. WBOE, school radio station, begins broadcasting.
• 1939 Main Avenue Bridge opens 6 October. First night baseball game played at Cleveland Muncipal Stadium. First Festival of Freedom held. 35,000 attend mass dedication of Cultrual Gardens (begun in 1916).
• 1940 Cleveland Ohio population- 878,366 (6th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 1,217,250. NACA, forerunner of NASA, established at the Cleveland airport. Franklin D Roosevelt campaigns in Cleveland 2 November University Heights achieves city status.
• 1941 Knights of Columbus Track Meet held in Cleveland Ohio for first time. South Euclid achieves city status.
• 1942 Cleveland Transit System begins era of muncipal operation of Cleveland Ohio's public transit system 28 April. Cleveland Ohio Bomber Plant (now the I-X Center) opens at Muncipal Airport 2 November.
• 1944 East Ohio Gas Exposion claims 130 lives 20 October. Woodmere Village incorporated.
• 1945 Cleveland Rams win NFL football title then moves to Los Angeles. Cleveland Community Relations Board formed to promote racial harmony.
• 1946 Cleveland Browns begin play in All-American Football Conference.
• 1947 Operations begin at the lakefront airport. First successful defibrillation of a human heart by Dr. Claude S BECK and colleagues at University Hospitals. First telecast by WEWS, Ohio's first television station. Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission formed.
• 1950 Cleveland Ohio population- 914,808 (hightest ever, 7th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 1,389,532. Browns enter NFL and win the title. Village of Bay (Bay Village) incorporated as a city. Mayfield Heights incorporated as a city. Cleveland City Council passes a Fair Employment Practices law, the first such city law in the United States.
• 1951 Bedford Heights incorporated as a village. Fairview Park achieves city status. Lyndhurst achieves city status. Oakwood Village incorporated. Walton Hills Village incorporated.
• 1953 Development of Southgate Shopping Center begins.
• 1954 Last streetcars run 24 January. Marilyn SHEPPARD murdered in her Bay Village home.
• 1955 Rapid Transit begins operation.
• 1957 Westlake achieves city status.
• 1959 Parma Heights incorporated as a city. St Lawrence Seaway opens.
• 1960 Cleveland Ohio population- 876,050 (8th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 1,647,895. Erieview urban renewal plan unveiled 22 November. First issue of the Cleveland News published 23 January. Brecksville achieves city status. Broadview Heights achives city status. Independence achieves city status. North Olmstead achieves city status. Richmond Heights achieves city status. Strongsville achieves city status. Warrensville Heights achieves city status.
• 1961 William TAYLOR Son & Co. first major downtown department store to close. Bedford Heights achieves city status. Brook Park achieves city status. Middleburg Heights achieves city status. North Royalton achieves city status. Olmstead Falls achieves city status. Seven Hills achieves city status. Solon achieves city status.
• 1962 Innerbelt Freeway opens for its full length
• 1963 Severance Center Mall opens.
• 1964 Cleveland State University established 18 December.
• 1965 WVIZ, educational television station, begins operation 7 February.
• 1966 Cuyahoga Community College opens its Metro Campus.
• 1967 First successful coronary artery bypass operation performed at the Cleveland Clinic by Dr Rene FAVALORO. Highland Heights becomes a city. Carl B STOKES elected as first black mayor of a major American city.
• 1968 Northeast Ohio Area Coordinating Agency formed. Glenville shootout, 23-28 June.
• 1969 The Palace Theater, last operating movie house on Playhouse Square, closes 20 July. A burning oil slick on the Cuyahoga River attracts national attention, 22 June. Euclid Beach closes 28 September. Cleveland American Indian Center founded.
• 1970 Cleveland Ohio population- 750,879 (12th largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 1,720,835. Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball team organized Pepper Pike achieves city status. Twenty-First District Caucus organized.
• 1971 Cleveland Landmarks Commission established.
• 1972 Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District formed from Cleveland Ohio's sewer system and those of neighboring suburbs. First issue of Cleveland Magazine published in April.
• 1973 Cleveland Barons play their last hockey game at the Arena 4 February.
• 1974 Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authroity established 30 December.
• 1976 Desegragation of the Cleveland Public Schools ordered by U.S. District Judge Frank J. BATTISTI. First public performance by Cleveland Ballet.
• 1978 On 15 December, Cleveland Ohio becomes first major American city to default on its obligations since the depression.
• 1980 Cleveland Ohio population- 573,822 (19th largest city in nation) CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 1,498,400. Nationally televised Presidential Debate between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan held in Cleveland Ohio 28 October.
• 1981 City Council reduced from 33 to 21 members. Term of office for mayor and council members increased from 2 to 4 years.
• 1982 Ground broken for the Sohio (BP) Building on Public Square. Last issue Cleveland Press published 17 June. Cleveland Ohio named All America City for second time.
• 1983 United Food and Commercial Workers Local 880 formed through the merger of three locals.
• 1984 Cleveland Ohio named All America City for third time. Cuyahoga Works of United States Steel closes.
• 1986 Cleveland Ohio named All America City for fourth time. Cleveland Ohio elected as site for Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
• 1987 Cleveland Ohio emerges from default.
• 1990 Cleveland Ohio population- 505,616 (23rd largest city in nation). CUYAHOGA COUNTY population- 1,412,140. Tower City Center Building formerally opens 29 March.
• 1991 Society Center Building "topped off" at 948.7 feed.
• 1993 Cleveland Indians play their last game at Muncipal Statium 3 October. Church Square Shopping Center, centerpiece for inner-city revitalization, dedicated in April. Cleveland Ohio named All America City for fifth time.
• 1994 Gateway Sports Complex opens. Frederick C CRAWFORD dies 9 December.
• 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum opens. Indians win American League championship.
• 1996 Cleveland Ohio celebrates its Bicentennial
• 1997 Indians win American League championship.